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Emancipation Proclamation

Jun 12, 2011

Emancipation Proclamation

When the Civil War began, political leaders of the ruling Republican Party differed with regard to a precise policy concerning slavery. Radical elements within the party pushed for an immediate statement from the federal government abolishing the institution. Others, including Lincoln, initially preferred a more moderate course, but as the war progressed momentum for emancipation grew stronger. Not wanting to announce a major policy shift on slavery until federal armies had achieved a significant victory in the field, Lincoln delayed any announcement on the subject.

Crittenden Compromise

Crittenden Compromise

Lincoln’s election in 1860 was viewed by many white southerners as a sign that the federal government was about to take steps to end slavery, whether the south agreed with the proposition or not. The Republican Party was dedicated to stopping the spread of slavery into the territories, and many believed that it was only a matter of time until Lincoln and his supporters would threaten the institution where it already existed.

As secession and civil war loomed on the horizon in late 1860,

U.S.

John brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry

John brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry

As if to confirm everything that states’ rights politicians had said during the

1850s, the fanatical abolitionist John Brown launched his famous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859. Though unsuccessful, Brown’s attempt to capture a federal arsenal and provoke a slave rebellion struck fear in the hearts of whites throughout the south.

Many in the north condemned the violence, but many others lauded Brown’s efforts as the notion of a vast abolitionist conspiracy became believable in the minds of many southerners. For months after the raid radical southern politicians and the newspapers that supported them exploited the fears of the electorate by printing account after account of rumored slave atrocities that were supposedly taking place around the south.

United States turmoil and bloody civil war from 1860 to 1876

United States

turmoil and bloody civil war from 1860 to 1876

From 1860 to 1876 the

United States

was in turmoil. A bloody civil war tore the country apart from 1861 to 1865, and in the war’s aftermath the United States struggled to put itself back together as it dealt with a host of complicated social problems created by the demise of slavery in the south.

By 1876 the nation was politically reconstructed, but the social system that condemned African Americans to a subordinate position in the region was quickly re-established with segregation replacing slavery. Meanwhile in the north, the war accelerated the process of industrialization and set the stage for the United States to emerge as a true industrial power on the world stage.

Accommodationism ideology

Accommodationism ideology

Accommodationism refers to an ideology that endorses cooperation and concession to the viewpoint or actions of the opposition. Booker T. Washington and, to a disputable extent, Martin Luther King, Jr., are examples of black leaders who have embraced this concept as a strategy against racial segregation. Competing ideologies developed largely in response to the mass violence that blacks experienced at the hands of whites.

Washington, an influential black leader during the Jim Crow era, is widely recognized as a prominent accommodationist. He promoted black acquiescence to the system of discrimination and disenfranchisement of post-Reconstruction life as a tactic to bring about social and political empowerment. He frequently collaborated with white leaders. However, Washington’s philosophy is believed to have ‘‘increased anti-black violence’’ (Reiland, 3).

Johnson & Johnson vintage use of Absorbent Materials

Johnson & Johnson vintage use of Absorbent Materials

For thousands of years, plant-derived materials have served as the primary ingredient of absorbent materials. Jute, flax, silk, hemp, potatoes, and primarily cotton, have been employed since pre-Roman times. These simple plant-based fibers demonstrated molecular properties such as surface tension and colloid attraction, but it wasn’t until the development of the ultra microscope in 1903 that the size and structure of molecules was better understood and the actual chemical process of absorption grasped.

The late nineteenth century inspired a new wave of design for the specialized applications of absorbent material—as sanitary napkins and diapers—and eventually helped drive innovative applications for the burgeoning fields of organic and polymer science in the twentieth century.

Humber-Sommer the world's first carriage of mail 1910

Humber-Sommer the world's first carriage of mail 1910

The place in aviation history of the otherwise unimportant Humber-Sommer .biplane is assured by the fact that it was an aircraft of this type which undertook the world's first carriage of mail by an aircraft. This event was part of the Universal Postal Exhibition held in Allahabad in India during February 1911. During the exposition, the French pilot Henri Pccquct, on February 18, across the Jumna river from Allahabad to Naini Junction, in all some Skm (5 miles) with 6500 lelters. This bizarre and isolated journey is generally accepted by philatelists as the world's first aerial post and some actual examples of thepostmark still exist. Four days later, a 'regular' sen'icc for the duration of the exhibition was opened by Pcequet and Captain Walter G Windham, the aircraft that they used again being the Humber-Sommer biplane.

Vintage airliners1920 to 1950

Vintage airliners1920 to 1950

For the first 30 years of commercial aviation, from 1920 to 1950, all airliners had propellers. Over the next ten years, to 1960,jet airliners slowly and hesitantly penetrated the extremely conservative and ultra-cautious airline industry. But by 1960 the airlines had become so polarized around the jet that efficient and successful turboprop airliners, such as the Electra and Vanguard, lost their builders a lot of money because the customers thought them obsolete. Then, again very gradually, airline managements began to realize that those who said turboprops were efficient and burned less fuel were telling the truth. As oil prices soared, so the propeller began to make a come-back. Therefore, though mainly an account of past history, this volume ends with a buoyant industry that cannot build turboprop airliners fast enough.

Acorns a starchy food staple for various Indian groups

Acorns a starchy food staple for various Indian groups

Acorns, the nuts of oak trees, average 40-50 percent carbohydrates, 3-4 percent protein, and 5-10 percent fat, making them a nutritious foodstuff providing about 168 calories per ounce

This abundant and easily collected nut became the dietary mainstay for various Indian groups, particularly in the Northeast and California.

The earliest unequivocal evidence of the dietary use of acorns comes from the Lamoka culture of New York, probably around 3500 Archaeological sites in Massachusetts dating from a millennium later also have produced clear evidence of the eating of large quantities of acorns. By the historic period, however, Northeastern Indians were using acorns only sparingly as food.

Johnson brothers and the importance of advertising

Dec 5, 2010

Johnson brothers recognized the importance of advertising, and Robert Wood Johnson the first was often personally very involved in the development of ads for the Company’s products…sometimes too involved, the people at the advertising agency felt. Johnson had excellent instincts about what would and wouldn’t work, and he kept J.